Imaging of highly inhomogeneous strain field in nanocrystals using x-ray Bragg ptychography: A numerical study

International audienceX-ray ptychography is a lensless microscopy method able to provide extended field of view with spatial resolution above the diffraction limit. A series of intensity coherent diffraction patterns measured in the far field is used to obtain the numerical deconvolution between the sample scattering contrast and the illumination function. The measurements are performed with a finite-size beam spot scanned across the sample. The scan step, smaller than the beam size, ensures a high redundancy in the data set, which allows for the convergence of the iterative inversion algorithm. This work explores the possibility to use ptychography for the investigation of strained crystals by means of coherent x-ray Bragg diffraction, taking advantage of the high sensitivity to the atomic displacement fields. The Bragg diffraction scattering contrast is described by an effective complex-valued electron density, where the phase holds the information on the displacement field. The detailed two-dimensional numerical study of Bragg ptychography is presented, both for the known and unknown illumination cases. It demonstrates the high robustness of the ptychographical iterative engine for highly nonhomogeneous strain fields. In particular, the local information is extracted from the individual diffraction patterns to calculate the modulus and phase estimates of the electron density, which are further used to constrain the newly derived algorithm. From this work, it is foreseen that Bragg ptychography when experimentally feasible, will open the way to the nondestructive imaging of strain fields at the nanoscale

L’érosion différentielle dans les reliefs de l’Estrie et de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, entre Montréal et le piedmont sud-est des White Mountains

Entre Montréal et Granby, dans une véritable plaine à inselbergs, ces derniers correspondent à des intrusions tantôt syénitiques, tantôt basiques : ils sont plus résistants que les calcaro-schistes cambro-ordoviciens. L'intrusion la plus orientale est celle du mont Mégantic, qui comporte un croissant syénitique enveloppant une bosse de granite. Les intrusions de granite dévonien de l'Estrie et du nord du Vermont sont souvent en creux, ce qui peut s'expliquer soit par leur composition granodioritique (alvéole d'Island Pond), soit par une intense microfissuration (alvéole de Scotstown). La position culminante des White Mountains paraît due (en grande partie) à l'érosion différentielle. Les séries de Littleton, où les unités schisteuses sont aussi résistantes que les éléments quartzitiques et gneissiques. dominent, au nord, les gneiss olivériens, dont la position déprimée est attribuable à leur fracturation, non suivie de recristallisation, et ailleurs, les granites de Bickford, pourtant relativement acides. En position culminante se placent également les syenites et les granites à hastingsite mésozoïques. Quant aux granites dits de Conway, tantôt ils sont troués par d'amples cuvettes, tantôt ils constituent des fiers monolithes limités par des diaclases espacées. C'est que ces roches sont très hétérogènes, tantôt blanches et acides, tantôt grises et riches en biotite et en hornblende, ainsi qu'en plagioclases. Au total, les roches occupant le sommet de l'échelle de dureté sont celles où les perthites et les microperthites constituent une trame continue. Pour les autres variétés de roches, le degré de microfissuration et la composition minéralogique jouent alternativement le rôle principal.Between Montréal and Granby, the studied profile cuts across a true erosion plain where inselbergs coincide with syenitic and basic intrusions more resistant than the Cambro-Ordovician calcareous shales and schists. Mount Mégantic, the most eastern intrusion consists of a syenitic crescent and a granitic boss. In the Eastern Townships and northern Vermont, Devonian granitic intrusions are often hollowed out into basins. This derives either from their granodioritic composition (Island Pond) or from severe microfissuration (Scotstown). The prominent position of the White Mountains seems to be due to selective erosion. The Littleton Series, where schistous units are as resistant as the quartzitic and gneissic elements, rise on their northern boundary above the oliverian gneisses. These were easily eroded since no recrystallization occurred after fracturing. Elsewhere, the Littleton Series rise above Bickford granites despite the rather acid composition of the latter. Mesozoic hastingsite syenites and granites also have a prominent position. As for the granites classified as Conway granites, they range from white and acid varieties to grey varieties with a high content of plagioclases, biotites and hornblende. This heterogeneity may explain the topographic contrast between huge basins and monoliths, the latter being limited by spaced joints. The rocks at the top of the hardness scale are those where the main components, perthites and microperthites, form the structural grain. As for the other types of rocks, the degree of microfissuration (determined after microscopic examination and measurement of the filtration rate of coloured water) and the mineralogical composition oalternately intervene as the main element.Zwischen Montréal und Granby uberquert das erforschte Profil eine echte Erosionsebene, wo lnselberge mit syenetischen und basischen lntrusionen zusammenfallen, die widerstandsfâhiger als die Cambro-Ordovician Kalkâr Schalen und Schiefer sind. In der Estrie und im nôrd-lichen Vermont, sind devoniasniche Graniti intrusionen oft zu Becken ausgehôlt. Das kommt entweder von ihrer granodioritischen Zusammensetzung (Island Pond) Oder von hâftiger Mikrospaltung (Scotstown) her. Die hervorstehende Stellung der White Mountains scheint hauptsâchlich, aber nicht ausschliesslich, von selektiver Erosion zu stammen. Die Littleton Series, wo schieferhaltige Einheiten aus noch unbekannten Grunden, ebenso widerstandsfàhig wie die Quartzund Gneisselemente sind, erheben sich an ihrer nôrdlichen Grenze uber die oliveranischen Gneisse. Die wurden leicht erodiert weil es nach der Frakturation keine Rekristalisation gab. Anderswo erheben sich die Littleton Series uber Bickford Granite, trotz deren ziemlich saurer Beschaffenheit. Diese Mannigfaltigkeit kann vielleich den topographischen Kontrast zwischen grossen Becken und Monolithen erklâren, letztere findet man hauptsâchlich in durch Fugen begrenzten Randstellungen. Das Gestein am Gipfel der Hârteskala, hat als Hauptkomponenten Bethite und Mikroperthite, die, die strukturelle Kôrnung bilden. Fur die anderen Gesteinstypen kommen der Grad der Mikrospaltung (bestimmt durch mikroskopische Prufung und Messung der Filtrationsgeschwindigkeit von gefarbtem Wasser) und die mineralogische Zusammensetzung abwechselnd las Hauptelement vor

Noise models for low counting rate coherent diffraction imaging

International audienceCoherent diffraction imaging (CDI) is a lens-less microscopy method that extracts the complex-valued exit field from intensity measurements alone. It is of particular importance for microscopy imaging with diffraction set-ups where high quality lenses are not available. The inversion scheme allowing the phase retrieval is based on the use of an iterative algorithm. In this work, we address the question of the choice of the iterative process in the case of data corrupted by photon or electron shot noise. Several noise models are presented and further used within two inversion strategies, the ordered subset and the scaled gradient. Based on analytical and numerical analysis together with Monte-Carlo studies, we show that any physical interpretations drawn from a CDI iterative technique require a detailed understanding of the relationship between the noise model and the used inversion method. We observe that iterative algorithms often assume implicitly a noise model. For low counting rates, each noise model behaves differently. Moreover, the used optimization strategy introduces its own artefacts. Based on this analysis, we develop a hybrid strategy which works efficiently in the absence of an informed initial guess. Our work emphasises issues which should be considered carefully when inverting experimental data

Bayesian Models for Unit Discovery on a Very Low Resource Language

Developing speech technologies for low-resource languages has become a very active research field over the last decade. Among others, Bayesian models have shown some promising results on artificial examples but still lack of in situ experiments. Our work applies state-of-the-art Bayesian models to unsupervised Acoustic Unit Discovery (AUD) in a real low-resource language scenario. We also show that Bayesian models can naturally integrate information from other resourceful languages by means of informative prior leading to more consistent discovered units. Finally, discovered acoustic units are used, either as the 1-best sequence or as a lattice, to perform word segmentation. Word segmentation results show that this Bayesian approach clearly outperforms a Segmental-DTW baseline on the same corpus.Comment: Accepted to ICASSP 201

Coupling biophysical and micro-economic models to assess the effect of mitigation measures on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture

International audienceAgricultural soils are a major source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG). Because N2O emissions strongly depend on soil type, climate, and crop management, their inventory requires the combination of biophysical and economic modeling, to simulate farmers' behavior. Here, we coupled a biophysical soil-crop model, CERES-EGS, with an economic farm type supply model, AROPAj, at the regional scale in northern France. Response curves of N2O emissions to fertilizer nitrogen (Nf) inputs were generated with CERES-EGC, and linearized to obtain emission factors. The latter ranged from 0.001 to 0.0225 kg N2O-N kg-1 Nf, depending on soil and crop type, compared to the fixed 0.0125 value of the IPCC guidelines. The modeled emission factors were fed into the economic model AROPAj which relates farm-level GHG emissions to production factors. This resulted in a N2O efflux 20% lower than with the default IPCC method. The costs of abating GHG emissions from agriculture were calculated using a first-best tax on GHG emissions, and a second-best tax on their presumed factors (livestock size and fertilizer inputs). The first-best taxation was relatively efficient, achieving an 8\% reduction with a tax of 11 euro/t-CO2-equivalent, compared to 68 euro/t-CO2eq for the same target with the second-best scheme

Formation of methyl radicals derived from cumene hydroperoxide in reconstructed human epidermis: an EPR spin trapping confirmation by using 13 C-substitution

International audienc

XNMT: The eXtensible Neural Machine Translation Toolkit

This paper describes XNMT, the eXtensible Neural Machine Translation toolkit. XNMT distin- guishes itself from other open-source NMT toolkits by its focus on modular code design, with the purpose of enabling fast iteration in research and replicable, reliable results. In this paper we describe the design of XNMT and its experiment configuration system, and demonstrate its utility on the tasks of machine translation, speech recognition, and multi-tasked machine translation/parsing. XNMT is available open-source at https://github.com/neulab/xnmtComment: To be presented at AMTA 2018 Open Source Software Showcas